Pursuant to its essence as a
post-Peel Act Central Bank, the Federal Reserve enjoys a monopoly of the issue
of all bank notes. The U. S. Treasury, which issued paper money as Greenbacks
during the Civil War, continued to issue one-dollar "Silver
Certificates" redeemable in silver bullion or coin at the Treasury until
August 16, 1968. The Treasury has now abandoned any note issue, leaving all the
country's paper notes, or "cash," to be emitted by the Federal
Reserve. Not only that; since the U.S. abandonment of the gold standard in
1933, Federal Reserve Notes have been legal tender for all monetary debts,
public or private.
Federal Reserve Notes, the
legal monopoly of cash or "standard," money, now serves as the base
of two inverted pyramids determining the supply of money in the country. More
precisely, the assets of the Federal Reserve Banks consist largely of two
central items. One is the gold originally confiscated from the public and later
amassed by the Fed. Interestingly enough, while Fed liabilities are no longer
redeemable in gold, the Fed safeguards its gold by depositing it in the
Treasury, which issues "gold certificates" guaranteed to be backed by
no less than 100 percent in gold bullion buried in Fort Knox and other Treasury
depositories. It is surely fitting that the only honest warehousing left in the
monetary system is between two different agencies of the federal government:
the Fed makes sure that its receipts at
the Treasury are backed 100 percent in the Treasury vaults, whereas the Fed
does not accord any of its creditors
that high privilege.