Superman is unimpressed by what Everyman wants
by Anthony de Jasay
... a service is profitable if Everyman, the businessman and the final consumer, buys it. Buying it is the one indisputable way he has to show that he wants it. But Superman is unimpressed by what Everyman wants. He wishes Everyman to get what he needs. For only what he needs is "socially useful" ...
In his classic
essay "What is seen and what is not seen" (written in 1848 and
published in July 1850) the shamefully underrated and neglected French
economist Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850)1 declares
that what distinguishes a bad economist from a good one is that the bad one can
only see what is to be seen, while the good one also discerns the as yet unseen
consequences that are bound to follow the visible effect of an action. Present
benefits must be painfully paid for in future costs, while present sacrifices
tend to be generously rewarded in the future. The good economist must, of
course, weigh up the merits of a law, a policy or an institution by
taking account both of the effects he (and others) can see and the future
consequences he foresees (and others do not).
Stated this way,
there is a built-in test that makes it very easy to tell the good economist
from the bad one: we only have to watch the consequences as they emerge with
the passage of time. Events will show up what the bad economist has overlooked
and what the good one has correctly foretold.
Bastiat, in his summary
introduction, states the problem in terms of a choice (to change something or
to keep it the way it is) and the future, as yet unseen consequences of that
choice. However, the choice also involves another, different implication that
is unseen but unlike the one that will emerge in the future, is condemned to
remain unseen. For the choice of a law, a policy or an institution has one
effect that is not seen but will be, and another namely the future state of
affairs that would have prevailed had that choice not been
made. This is the state of affairs that we forgo, that might have come about
but did not, "what we do not see" and never will. It is what in
modern economics is called opportunity cost the bad economist
tends to ignore and the good one can only approximate by educated guesses,
intelligent conjectures. Though Bastiat does not explicitly mention it in his
summary of "What is seen and what is not seen," most of his examples
also deal with "what might have been." It is probably fair to credit
Bastiat with the discovery of the concept of opportunity cost.